Virus genom

Full Sized Infographic and Text Version. Genome sequencing reveals the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene, like alphabet letters in words. Comparing the composition of nucleotides in one virus gene with the order of nucleotides in a different virus gene can reveal variations between the two viruses.

Proteins are made of sequences of amino acids. The substitution of one amino acid for another can affect properties of a virus, such as how well a virus transmits between people, and how susceptible the virus is to antiviral drugs or current vaccines.

CDC and other public health laboratories around the world have been sequencing the gene segments of influenza viruses since the s.

The sequences deposited into these databases allow CDC and other researchers to compare the genes of currently circulating influenza viruses with the genes of older influenza viruses and those used in vaccines. This process of comparing genetic sequences is called genetic characterization. CDC uses genetic characterization for several reasons:. Each sequence from a specific influenza virus has its own branch on the tree.

Viruses are grouped by comparing changes in nucleotides within the gene. Viruses which share a common ancestor can also be described as belonging to the same clade. The degree of genetic difference number of nucleotide differences between viruses is represented by the length of the horizontal lines branches in the phylogenetic tree. The further apart viruses are on the horizontal axis of a phylogenetic tree, the more genetically different the viruses are to one another.

Phylogenetic trees of influenza viruses will usually display how similar sequences of the nucleotides for hemagglutinin HA genes of the vaccine virus and circulating viruses are to each other.

As part of this process, CDC compares the new virus sequence with the other virus sequences and looks for differences among them. CDC then uses a phylogenetic tree to visually represent how genetically similar the A H3N2 viruses are to each other. In Figure 1, virus b is more genetically similar to virus c than d. Arthrobacter phage Anjali.

Arthrobacter phage BarretLemon. Arthrobacter phage Beans. Arthrobacter phage Bennie. Arthrobacter phage BigMack. Arthrobacter phage Brent. Arthrobacter phage Bridgette. Arthrobacter phage CaptnMurica. Arthrobacter phage Circum. Arthrobacter phage Colucci. Arthrobacter phage Constance.

Arthrobacter phage Coral. Arthrobacter phage Decurro. Arthrobacter phage DrManhattan. Arthrobacter phage DrRobert. Arthrobacter phage DrYang. Arthrobacter phage Eileen. Arthrobacter phage Galaxy. Arthrobacter phage Gisselle.

Arthrobacter phage Glenn. Arthrobacter phage Gordon. Arthrobacter phage GreenHearts. Arthrobacter phage Greenhouse. Arthrobacter phage HunterDalle. Arthrobacter phage Huntingdon. Arthrobacter phage Jasmine. Arthrobacter phage Jawnski. Arthrobacter phage Joann. Arthrobacter phage Judy. Arthrobacter phage KBurrousTX. Arthrobacter phage KellEzio. Arthrobacter phage Kepler. Arthrobacter phage Kitkat. Arthrobacter phage Kittykat. Arthrobacter phage Korra. Arthrobacter phage Kuleana.

Arthrobacter phage Laroye. Arthrobacter phage LiSara. Arthrobacter phage Liebe. Arthrobacter phage Litotes.

Arthrobacter phage Lymara. Arthrobacter phage Maja. Arthrobacter phage MamaPearl. Arthrobacter phage Martha. Arthrobacter phage Mendel.

Arthrobacter phage Molivia. Arthrobacter phage Mudcat. Arthrobacter phage Mufasa8. Arthrobacter phage Nubia. Arthrobacter phage Oxynfrius. Arthrobacter phage Peas. Arthrobacter phage Piccoletto. Arthrobacter phage Preamble. Arthrobacter phage PrincessTrina. Arthrobacter phage Pumancara. Arthrobacter phage Salgado. Arthrobacter phage Sergei. Arthrobacter phage Shade.

Arthrobacter phage Sonali. Arthrobacter phage Sonny. Arthrobacter phage Tank. Arthrobacter phage TripleJ. Arthrobacter phage Urla. Arthrobacter phage Vibaki. Arthrobacter phage Wawa. Arthrobacter phage Wayne. Arthrobacter phage Wheelbite. Arthrobacter phage Yang. Arthrobacter phage Zartrosa.

Ateline alphaherpesvirus 1. Ateline gammaherpesvirus 2. Ateline gammaherpesvirus 3. Aurantimonas phage AmM Azobacteroides phage ProJPt-Bp1. Azospirillum phage Cd. Baboon cytomegalovirus OCOM Bacillus phage phi Bacillus phage Bacillus phage AR9. Bacillus phage Andromeda. Bacillus phage Aurora. Bacillus phage AvesoBmore. Bacillus phage B4. Bacillus phage B5S. Bacillus phage BCD7.

Bacillus phage BCP Bacillus phage BCU4. Bacillus phage BPS10C. Bacillus phage BPS Bacillus phage BSP Bacillus phage BalMu Bacillus phage Bastille. Bacillus phage BceA1. Bacillus phage Bcp1. Bacillus phage BeachBum. Bacillus phage Belinda. Bacillus phage BigBertha. Bacillus phage Blastoid. Bacillus phage Bobb. Bacillus phage Bp8p-C. Bacillus phage Bp8p-T. Bacillus phage BtCS Bacillus phage CAM Bacillus phage CP Bacillus phage CampHawk. Bacillus phage Carmen Bacillus phage Claudi. Bacillus phage Curly.

Bacillus phage DK1. Bacillus phage DK2. Bacillus phage DK3. Bacillus phage DLc1. Bacillus phage Deep Blue. Bacillus phage Deep-Purple. Bacillus phage DirtyBetty. Bacillus phage Eldridge. Bacillus phage Eoghan. Bacillus phage Evoli. Bacillus phage Eyuki. Bacillus phage Megatron. Bacillus phage Fah. Bacillus phage Finn. Bacillus phage G.

Bacillus phage GA1. Bacillus phage Gamma. Bacillus phage Glittering. Bacillus phage Grass. Bacillus phage Gxv1. Bacillus phage Hakuna. Bacillus phage Harambe. Bacillus phage Hoody T.

Bacillus phage IEBH. Bacillus phage JBP Bacillus phage JL. Bacillus phage Juan. Bacillus phage Karezi. Bacillus phage Kida. Bacillus phage KonjoTrouble. Bacillus phage MG-B1. Bacillus phage Mater. Bacillus phage Mgbh1. Bacillus phage Moonbeam. Bacillus phage Nemo. Bacillus phage Nf. Bacillus phage Nigalana. Bacillus phage NotTheCreek. Bacillus phage PBC1. Bacillus phage PBS1. Bacillus phage PM1.

Bacillus phage PZA. Bacillus phage Page. Bacillus phage Palmer. Bacillus phage Pascal. Bacillus phage Pavlov. Bacillus phage PfEFR Bacillus phage Phrodo. Bacillus phage Pony. Bacillus phage Pookie. Bacillus phage QCM Bacillus phage Riggi. Bacillus phage Riley. Bacillus phage SIOphi.

Bacillus phage SP Bacillus phage SPO1. Bacillus phage SPP1. Bacillus phage SageFayge. Bacillus phage SalinJah. Bacillus phage SerPounce. Bacillus phage Shanette. Bacillus phage Shbh1. Bacillus phage Slash. Bacillus phage Spock. Bacillus phage Stahl.

Bacillus phage Staley. Bacillus phage Stills. Bacillus phage Stitch. Bacillus phage TPL. Bacillus phage Taylor. Bacillus phage Thornton. Bacillus phage Troll. Bacillus phage TsarBomba. Bacillus phage VMY Bacillus phage W. Bacillus phage WBeta.

Bacillus phage Waukesha Bacillus phage Wes Bacillus phage WhyPhy. Bacillus phage Zuko. Bacillus phage phIS Bacillus phage phi4B1. Bacillus phage phi4J1. Bacillus phage phiCM3. Bacillus phage phiNIT1. Bacillus virus 1. Bacillus virus B Bacillus virus BM Bacillus virus SPbeta. Bacillus virus SRT01hs. Bacteriophage APSE Bacteriophage Lily. Bacteriophage Phobos. Bacteriophage R18C. Bacteroides phage B Bacteroides phage DAC Bacteroides phage crAss Bdellovibrio phage phi Beluga whale alphaherpesvirus 1.

Bifidobacterium phage BadAargau2. Bifidobacterium phage BadAztec1. Bordetella phage BPP Bordetella phage CN1. Bordetella phage CN2. Bordetella phage FP1.

Bordetella phage MW2. Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1. Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2. Bovine alphaherpesvirus 5. Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4. Bovine gammaherpesvirus 6. Brevibacillus phage Abouo. Brevibacillus phage Davies. Brevibacillus phage Jenst. Brevibacillus phage Jimmer1. Brevibacillus phage Jimmer2. Brevibacillus phage Osiris. Brevibacillus phage Sundance. Brevibacterium phage AGM1. Brevibacterium phage LuckyBarnes.

Brochothrix phage A9. Brochothrix phage BL3. Brochothrix phage NF5. Brucella phage BiPBO1. Brucella phage Pr. Brucella phage Tb. Bubaline alphaherpesvirus 1. Bufonid herpesvirus 1. Burkholderia phage AP3. Burkholderia phage Bcep1.

Burkholderia phage Bcep Burkholderia phage BcepB1A. Burkholderia phage BcepC6B. Burkholderia phage BcepF1. Burkholderia phage BcepGomr. Burkholderia phage BcepIL Burkholderia phage BcepMigl. Burkholderia phage BcepMu. Burkholderia phage BcepNY3. Burkholderia phage BcepNazgul. Burkholderia phage BcepSaruman. Burkholderia phage BcepSauron. Burkholderia phage Bp-AMP1.

Burkholderia phage DC1. Burkholderia phage FLC5. Burkholderia phage JG Burkholderia phage KL3. Burkholderia phage KS Burkholderia phage KS5. Burkholderia phage KS9. Burkholderia phage Mana. Burkholderia phage Mica. Burkholderia phage ST Burkholderia phage phib. Burkholderia phage phi Burkholderia phage phiE Burkholderia virus phi Butyrivibrio virus Arawn.

Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3. Campylobacter phage CP Campylobacter phage CP30A. Campylobacter phage CPX. Campylobacter phage NCTC Campylobacter phage PC Campylobacter virus CP Campylobacter virus CPt Canid alphaherpesvirus 1. Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1. Caprine gammaherpesvirus 2.

Caulobacter phage CcrBL Caulobacter phage CcrBL9. Caulobacter phage CcrColossus. Caulobacter phage CcrPW. Caulobacter phage CcrSC. Caulobacter phage Cr Caulobacter phage Lullwater. Caulobacter phage Percy. Caulobacter phage Sansa. Caulobacter phage Seuss. Caulobacter virus Karma. Caulobacter virus Magneto. Caulobacter virus Rogue. Caulobacter virus Swift. Caulobacter virus phiCbK. Caviid betaherpesvirus 2. Cebine betaherpesvirus 1. Celeribacter phage PL.

Cellulophaga phage phi Cellulophaga phage phiSM. Cellulophaga phage phiST. Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2. Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 9. Cercopithecine betaherpesvirus 5.

Papio ursinus cytomegalovirus. Cervid alphaherpesvirus 1. Cervid alphaherpesvirus 2. Cervid alphaherpesvirus 3. Chimpanzee herpesvirus strain Citrobacter phage CF1 DK Citrobacter phage CR44b. Citrobacter phage CR8. Citrobacter phage CVT Citrobacter phage Margaery. Citrobacter phage Merlin. Citrobacter phage Michonne.

Citrobacter phage Miller. Citrobacter phage Moogle. Citrobacter phage Moon. Citrobacter phage Mordin. Citrobacter phage PhiZZ Citrobacter phage PhiZZ6.

Citrobacter phage SH1. Citrobacter phage SH2. Citrobacter phage SH3. Citrobacter phage SH4. Citrobacter phage Sazh. Citrobacter phage Stevie. Citrobacter phage phiCFP Citrobacter virus HCF1. Clavibacter phage CMP1. Clavibacter phage CN1A. Clostridium phage CDKM Clostridium phage CDKM9.

Clostridium phage CDMH1. Clostridium phage CPD2. What's interesting about viruses is that they have two or three components. Starting from the inside, you will have a nucleic acid, which can be either RNA or DNA, and in both cases the nucleic acid can be either single-stranded or double-stranded.

Then surrounding the nucleic acid will be a protein coat that's in the form of capsid, or little small units that are assembled in a certain way. That is what all viruses have. Now, some viruses will also have an envelope which they obtain as they emerge from the cell. Viruses are very interesting in that they can only survive inside a living cell.