Different storage technologies pdf

At the end of storage the number of dead S. PICS had the lowest number of dead S. Adult T. At week 30 of storage, the population of live T. Dead adult of T. The results reveal the implication of poor shelling methods that break the grain before storage and how this could accentuate insect damage. During storage, there was an initial decrease in DG at week 18 after which DG values increased.

No significant differences were observed among the remaining treatments irrespective of the use of insecticide whether combined with hermetic storage or not. After storage, the most economically important damage agents were insects: Fungal coloration appears to constitute an important agent of grain defects in the hermetic containers.

The increase in moisture in hermetic storage could promote fungi growth. Since a large insect population would cause more damage, therefore, preventing an increase in insect population is a critical factor for reducing DG and WL.

In addition, S. However, contrary to trial results, PP Shumba was not rated as effective. Farmers also liked the same hermetic technologies best. Metal silos were preferred to plastic barrels. Even though PP bags without treatment did not control storage pests, farmers still liked them as this was a cheap technology.

Farmers indicated that the PP Shumba treatment was not liked because it altered the taste of the grain. Storage of maize treated with Actellic Super in PP bags, a traditional practice in Tanzania, was effective in controlling insect damage.

However, for public health reasons, the application of insecticides to staple food should be avoided especially in locations where trained personnel to supervise the use of insecticides are absent. Hence hermetic storage without the application of insecticides is preferred, but the storage materials need to be made affordable to the smallholders. Sound handling and management of the technologies by farmers must also be ensured, i.

Post-harvest food losses in a maize-based farming system of semi-arid savannah area of Tanzania. Journal of Stored Products Research 57, 49— Triple bagging for cowpea storage in rural Niger: Questions farmers ask.

Journal of Stored Products Research 52, 86— Journal of Stored Products Research 58, 20— Efficacy of metal silos and hermetic bags against stored—maize insect pests under simulated smallholder farmer conditions.

Journal of Stored Products Research 69, — Effectiveness of hermetic systems in controlling maize storage pests in Kenya. Protection of farm stored maize against infestation by Horn and Sitophilus species in Tanzania, Journal of Stored Products Research 26 4 , — The biology and control of Prostephanus truncatus Horn Coleoptera: Bostrichidae , A destructive storage pest with an increasing range.

Journal of Stored Products Research 22, 1— FAO, Rome Italy. A simple methodology for measuring profitability of on-farm storage pest management in developing countries. Journal of Stored Products Research 58, 67— On—farm evaluation of hermetic technology against maize storage pests in Kenya.

Journal of Economic Entomology 4 , — Managing storage pests of maize: Farmers' knowledge, perceptions and practices in western Kenya, Crop Protection 90, — Adoption of on-farm hermetic storage for cowpea in West and Central Africa in Journal of Stored Products Research 58, 77— Death by desiccation: Effects of hermetic storage on cowpea bruchids, Journal of Stored Products Research 49, — Low permeability triple—layer plastic bags prevent losses of maize caused by insects in rural on—farm stores.

Food Security 8, — Journal of Stored Products Research 58, 12— Hermetic storage system preventing the proliferation of Prostephanus truncatus Horn and storage fungi in maize with different moisture contents.

Postharvest Biology and Technology 39, — Hermetic on—farm storage for maize weevil control in East Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research 6 14 , — In the context of grain quality, the influence of maize storage and pre-storage practices harvesting time, dehusking, drying, and shelling method on performance of air-tight bags was investigated in the semi- arid regions of south eastern Kenya and northern Tanzania.

Completely randomised trials were conducted in farmer-own stores; shelled maize was filled in air-tight bags or woven polypropylene PP bags and stored for weeks.

Insect damage, physical grain quality, mould infection were evaluated at weeks intervals, and mycotoxin contamination was examined at onset, mid, and end of storage. Since sorting is an important operation for improvement of food value and market quality, such losses would significantly lower the benefits of air-tight storage.

Pre-storage practices of sorting, cleaning and moisture verification by farmers have impact on overall performance of air-tight storage. Danso1, Naomi Manu1, Enoch A. Opit2, Paul R. Armstrong3, Frank H. Arthur3, James F.

Campbell3, George N. Mbata4, Samuel G. Osekre osek yahoo. Two studies were conducted from September to February to identify factors contributing to on-farm losses of maize in these two Belts.

Sitophilus zeamais, Sitotroga cerealella, Cathartus quadricollis, and Carpophilus dimidiatus were found to attack maize on- farm in communities in the Middle Belt, but no adult insect pests were collected on pre-harvested maize in the Northern Belt. Mean aflatoxin levels below 15 ppb were obtained from pre-harvested maize in both regions but levels above 15 ppb were obtained from heaped maize on-farm.

Storage virtualization technology in Windows Server R2 and Windows Server that enables you to group industry-standard disks into storage pools and then create virtual disks called storage spaces from free space in the pools. In Windows Server R2, you can create tiered storage spaces with a mixture of solid state drives SSD fast tier and hard disk drives standard tier.

Frequently accessed hot data in a tiered storage space gets moved to the SSDs in the fast tier, while infrequently accessed cold data is moved to the high-capacity hard disks in the standard tier.

This enables you to balance capacity and performance. For more information, see Storage Spaces Overview. Network file sharing protocol that allows applications on a computer to read and write to files and to request services from server programs in a computer network.

You can also benefit from fast data transfers and network fault tolerance by using the SMB Multichannel feature. It also improves internode communications within your file server cluster. It can function at full speed with very low latency, while using very little CPU. Server applications can then take advantage of all available network bandwidth to be more resilient in the event of a network failure.

SMB Transparent Failover supports server application workloads that require a continuous availability connection to the storage infrastructure. The SMB file server and client work together to make the failover of file server cluster nodes transparent to applications for all file operations, and for planned cluster resource moves and unplanned node failures.

Find and remove duplication within data without compromising its fidelity or integrity. The goal is to store more data in less space by segmenting files into small variable-sized chunks 32— KB , identifying duplicate chunks, and maintaining a single copy of each chunk.

Redundant copies of the chunk are replaced by a reference to the single copy. The chunks are compressed and then organized into special container files in the System Volume Information folder. Data Deduplication is ideal for numerous workloads including: - General file shares: Group content publication and sharing, user home folders, and Folder Redirection and offline files - Software deployment shares: Software binaries, images, and updates - Virtual hard disk VHD libraries: VHD file storage for provisioning to hypervisors - Virtual Desktop Infrastructure VDI deployments that use Hyper-V Windows Server R2 only You can significantly reduce your storage capacity requirements by using the data deduplication technology on your Clustered Shared Volume.

For more information, see Data Duplication Overview. Multiple nodes in a failover cluster can simultaneously have Read and Write access to the same volume. CSV simplify the configuration and management of virtual machines that are running on a cluster.

With CSV, multiple virtual machines that run on a cluster can use the same physical disk, while still being able to fail over independently of one another.

Cluster Shared Volumes provide multiple benefits, including easier storage management and greater resiliency to failures. CSV also supports tiered storage spaces and write-back caching. Store server application data such as Hyper-V virtual machine files on file shares and get a similar level of reliability, availability, manageability, and high performance as you would expect from a storage area network without the complexity.

All file shares are online on all nodes simultaneously. File shares associated with this type of clustered file server are called scale-out file shares. Share a virtual hard disk file VHDX format to provide shared storage for a virtual machine failover cluster also known as a guest cluster. By making shared storage available to virtual machines, you can easily use a virtual machine failover cluster to protect the application services for example, SQL Server or file server services that are running inside your virtual machines.

There are two deployment options available. Expand or shrink the size of a virtual hard disk while the virtual machine is still running. You can avoid costly downtime by performing maintenance operations on running virtual hard disks. Because shutting down virtual machines is no longer required, interruption to users accessing those virtual machines is eliminated and maintenance costs are reduced.

Move virtual machine storage virtual hard disks without downtime. This feature enables new servicing scenarios. For example, you can add more physical disk storage to a non-clustered computer or a Hyper-V cluster, and then move the virtual machines to the new storage while the virtual machines continue to run. You can perform storage migration when the virtual machine is running or when it is turned off.

Storage migration moves the storage, not the virtual machine state. Set certain Quality of Service QoS parameters for storage on a virtual machine. For more information, see Storage Quality of Service Overview. Traditional datacenters have invested a great deal of resources in their infrastructures to provision storage. In Windows Server R2 and Windows Server , it is easier to ensure that your virtualized workloads can connect into your existing storage infrastructure.

Virtual Fibre Channel for Hyper-V provides Fibre Channel ports within the guest operating system, which provides a direct connection to Fibre Channel from within your virtual machines. This feature allows you to virtualize your workloads that require Fibre Channel storage.

It also allows you to cluster guest operating systems in virtual machines that are using Fibre Channel. For more information, see Virtual Fibre Channel Overview. Store virtual machine files configuration files, virtual hard disk files, and snapshots on file servers by using SMB 3. This is supported for non-clustered and clustered servers running Hyper-V where file storage is used as shared storage for the failover cluster.

If you configure virtual machine storage on a central SMB share, you can also perform a live migration of this virtual machine even when you have not configured a cluster. During the live migration, the virtual machine is moved from one physical server to another while the storage remains on the central SMB share.

Storage migration is also possible. If you want to update the physical storage that is available to your server running Hyper-V, you can move virtual hard disks on shared storage subsystems or on non-shared storage if an SMB 3. SMB 3. Storing Hyper-V data on inexpensive, easy-to-manage file servers provides the benefits that you would expect from a storage area network SAN —it is continuous availability, high performance, and manageability.

For more information, see Server Message Block Overview. For many years, the format for disk storage architecture has been to have bytes per sector. A sector format where storage exceeds to bytes per sector is referred to as an advanced format.